نشریه زبان و ادب فارسی
پیاپی 1 (زمستان 1388)

Abstract Ab-ol-Qasem-ibn-Havazen Abd-ol-Malk Qosharee master ( 386-465 H. ) is one of the Islamic mystics and Scholars of the fifth A.H century. He was so eminent and outstanding over centuries in various Islamic fields such as Hadith, commentary , Kalām and Islamic jurisprudence that his fame spread through the very far Islamic world. One of his precious works Al Qoshayriyya " Al Resāla Al Gosharee "  This book has been translated to Persian twice ( in fifth and sixth century ) before. Translations of this valuable work involve lots of defects with which the understanding of the text has become difficult and laborious. The researcher, in this essay, studying the third part of Persian translation with two Arabic texts, has tried to extract the defects of the translation and prepare a more exact one.

The  burlesque ,  adaptation ,  and  imitation  of  poets  of  one  another dated back to the One  of   the  poets  whose  poetry  has  been  imitated and adapted past times  by  succeeding  poets  was  Khaqani  of  Shervan  (A.D.1199-1121).  The  aim  of  this  article ode  is  to  study  the  influence  of  Khaqani's  ode  on  another  ode  composed  by  Mohmood  Bikhod , a  mystic  Kurdish  poet  of  Iraq , in  praise of  prophet Mohammed (pbuh) . In this study, while a comparison is made between two odes, the effect of Khaqani's ode on that of  Bikhod  is also considered in two domains namely form and content . The results of the study give us a better understanding of how Khaqani's poetry has influenced other poets in different lands.

Abstraction  figure  in  Persian  language  and  literature  is  defined  as   khetāb-o-nafs  and  in  Arabic  language  and  literature  while  emphasizing  abstraction of  the  second  substantive  from  the  first  substantive, nomely : Abstraction  of  imaginary  character  from  the  real character,   much  more  phases  of   khetab-o-nafs  are  presented  than  that  of   the  abstraction  figure.The  purpose  of  this  essay  is  to  show: firstly,  that  one  can  choose  a  more  efficient  plan  in  presenting  the  subject  mother . secondly , Abstraction  is  not  limited  to  khetāb-o-nafs  in Persian  language  and  literature.

For sure it is not easy to compose a poem and a poet without having internal motivation, enthusiasm and inspiration would not be able to versify poems. According to modern psychology and literary criticism, the source of this inspiration and sensation is the poet`s unconscious memory; nevertheless the ancients believed that other creatures from another world inspire the poems to the poets. The Greek called the goddesses  of art, poem and music,musae.and Arabs called these goddesses Tabe’e and old Iranian addressed them with the following names:Sorush  ,daena and fravhar.Since the first Persian poets who versified in Farsi language were acquainted with Arab literature and poetry and also composed in that language too, from very beginning days of ancient Persian dialect - farsi dari- a kind of  belief to Tabe’e was founded in Persian poetry. ‘Am’aq Bukharayi had never explicitly mentioned anything about Tabe’e,but  the trace of Tabe’e is completely perceptible in his verses and each moment is appeared in a way; sometimes it is the zephyr of the lover`s hair sometimes it is the dream of the lover and other time it is the messenger of the luck. this Tabe’e goes to the poet at night and wakes him up and the poet from the tongue of this Tabe’e starts versifying a poem until the end. Later on this style is used by Anvari considering little changes.

Elāhi Nāme poetry is consisting one of the absolute literary works of Attār Neishaboori, in biographies and translator books, It has been said that the rhythm of this couplet consisting catalectic hexameter Hazaj. In this article, the author regarding the elements of the couplet which is based on Mafā'elaton is attempting reasonably to prove that the mentioned couplet has been versified according to vāver Mas'ood Maqtoof  meter. It is necessary to note that these two meters (catalectic Hexameter Hazaj and vāfer Mas'ood) are similar, and this similarity causes confusion between these two meters in prosody of Persian and Arbic languages.

The problem of fatalism and free will is not only one the most sophisticated issues of Islamic Theology, but it is also an issue which has stepped beyond the limits of the religious schools and Teachings; from the very ancient times, it has occupied man's mind and both the mystic and the Plebeian have been contemplating it. Various expressions and interpretations such as: Chance and Fortune; Destiny and fate are suggestive of the fact there is a sort of natural belief in the authority of Determinism over man's life; on the other hand, the contemplation and choice of action in human Being which the reflection of the power of free will is is one of man's inborn peculiarities.Molana Jalalladein Mohammad Balkhi, too, who is one of the most persistent deliberators of man's figures, has not stayed aloof from the problem ; rather, in his noble mathnavi and in difficult stories and on various  occasions , he, on  the  pretext  of  argumentation  and  controversy  among  the  characters  of  the  stories,  has  brought  up  the  conflicting  ideas  of  Islamic  rationalists  on  the  issue of  Fatalism  and  Free  Will  , and has  somehow  based  his  their  opposing  and  contradictory  ideas  on  Koranic  verses  , traditions , historical  and  logical  reasoning's  that  the  reader  of  the  Mathnavi  sometimes  become  so  perplexed  that  s/ he  is  unable  to  decide  to  prefer  one  over  the  other  one  ;  and  more  importantly  , Molana  himself  which  theory  to  choose.In  this  article  , it  has  been  attempted  to  study the  various  cases  of  Fatalism  and  free  will  as  reflected  in  molana's mathnavi, and to compare them with the Sunnite theological views [Asharites, Maturideyya and the Mo'tazela (Separatists)]; and then, Molana's specific view on this issue will be explained

The Isrā'ileyyat is among the subjects that possess a significant place in the realm of the Islamic culture and has appeared in many interpretations of the holy Quran. In this article the relationship between the Israelite numerical genesis and the myth of creation has been studied. This study makes clear that myths appear with variations in different narratives and that when these distorted myths were related by narratives with a mostly Jewish they have gained the name of Israelite although they have their roots in pre-Jewish ages and do not belong to the teachings of old-testament and Judaism. This study invalidates some efforts to prove the verity or Islamic of these narratives with same breath. It also ruins the ground for their total refutation.

In this paper, counsel and consultation among the negative characters, or antagonists,  in the national epic of Iran, are reviewed in analytic-descriptive approach.Antagonists and, in some occasions, generals consult with officials when important issues determining the future of wars and the destiny of kings’ realms, are concerned.Based on mentioned above, the function of antagonist’s counselors is analyzed and divided into two categories: first , offering helpful resolutions when antagonists encounter and fight against protagonists and their army ; second ,sleep interpretation and prediction.In accordance with  carried out studies, antagonists’ counselors include  ministers,zorasterian clergymen ,astrologers, fortunetellers, generals and antagonists’  close relatives , alliances and in some cases the armies that each group assist the antagonists with their opinions to make decisions especially about their territory and the army.